Research on the application of sport dance in colleges and universities in the healthy development of sports / Pesquisa sobre a aplicação da dança esportiva nas universidades no desenvolvimento saudável dos esportes / Estudio sobre la aplicación de la danza deportiva en las universidades en el desarrollo saludable de los deportes

ABSTRACT Introduction: Immunity is closely related to health. When the body's immunity is strong, it is healthy. On the contrary, various diseases appear. Sports dance is an entertainment and fitness sports project that integrates sports, music, aesthetics, and dance, the body movement dance as the necessary content and two-person or collective exercises as the primary form of exercise. Studies have shown that long-term adherence to Tai Chi exercise can significantly increase the serum immunoglobulin IgA, IgG, and IgM levels. Objective: The paper explores the effect of physical dance exercise on serum immunoglobulin and T lymphocyte subsets of college students. Methods: The thesis randomly selected 16 male and female students in the first-grade physical dance optional course of public physical education as the experimental group. They performed physical dance exercises three times a week, 40 minutes each time, and the training intensity was controlled at a heart rate of 135-150 beats/min. Ten weeks; besides, 16 male and female students in the first grade were selected as the control group, and no physical dance exercise was performed; all the subjects were drawn from the elbow venous blood on an empty stomach at the same time before and after the experiment to measure serum immunoglobulin and T lymph Cell subpopulation content. Results: After ten weeks of sports dance training, the serum immunoglobulin IgG of both men and women in the experimental group increased significantly (P<0.01), and the CD4+% and CD4+/CD8+ ratio of T lymphocyte subgroups showed extremely significant and significant increases (P <0.01, P<0.05), serum IgM tended to increase, IgA, CD8+% tended to decrease, but there was no significant change. Conclusions: Long-term physical dance exercise can improve the body's immune function. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução: la inmunidad está estrechamente relacionado con la salud. Cuando la inmunidad del cuerpo es fuerte éste está sano. En caso contrario, aparecen diversas enfermedades. La danza deportiva é um projeto de entretenimiento y fitness que integra el deporte, la música, la estética y la danza, el movimiento corporal como contenido necesario y los ejercicios de das personas ou colectivos como forma principal de ejercicio. Los estudios han demonstraram que a adesão a largo plazo al ejercicio de Tai Chi pode aumentar também os niveles séricos de imunoglobulina IgA, IgG e IgM. Objetivo: O artigo explora o efeito do exercício físico de danza em subconjuntos de imunoglobulina sérica e linfocitos T de estudiantes universitários. Métodos: Para que a tese seja selecionada aleatoriamente, 16 ex-alunos e ex-alunos do curso optativo de danza física de primer grado de educação física pública como grupo experimental. Realizaron ejercicios de danza física tres veces por semana, 40 minutes cada vez, y la intensidad del entrenamiento se controló a una frecuencia cardíaca de 135-150 latidos/min. durante as semanas; además, se selecionar 16 alumnos y alumnas de primer grado como group de control, el que no realizó ningún ejercicio físico de danza. A todos os sujetos se les extrajo sangre venosa del codo com o estómago vacío, durante, antes e depois do experimento para medir o conteúdo da subpoblación de células T y de imunoglobulina sérica. Resultados: Después de diez semanas de entrenamiento de danza deportiva, la imunoglobulina IgG sérica de hombres y mujeres en el grupo experimental aumentó complementar (P <0,01), y la proporción CD4 +% y CD4 +/CD8 + de los subgrupos de linfocitos T mostró incrementos extremadamente provados. (P <0,01,P <0,05), la IgM sérica tendió a aumentar, la IgA, CD8 +% tendió a disminuir, mas nenhum hubo cambio projetado. Conclusiones: El ejercicio de danza física a largo plazo puede mejorar la función inmunológica del cuerpo. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos: investigación de los results del tratamiento.

RESUMEN Introducción: la inmunidad está estrechamente relacionada con la salud. Cuando la inmunidad del cuerpo es fuerte éste está sano. En caso contrario, aparecen diversas enfermedades. La danza deportiva es un proyecto de entretenimiento y fitness que integra el deporte, la música, la estética y la danza, el movimiento corporal como contenido necesario y los ejercicios de dos personas o colectivos como forma principal de ejercicio. Los estudios han demostrado que la adherencia a largo plazo al ejercicio de Tai Chi puede aumentar significativamente los niveles séricos de inmunoglobulina IgA, IgG e IgM. Objetivo: El artículo explora el efecto del ejercicio físico de danza en subconjuntos de inmunoglobulina sérica y linfocitos T de estudiantes universitarios. Métodos: Para la tesis se seleccionaron aleatoriamente a 16 alumnos y alumnas del curso optativo de danza física de primer grado de educación física pública como grupo experimental. Realizaron ejercicios de danza física tres veces por semana, 40 minutos cada vez, y la intensidad del entrenamiento se controló a una frecuencia cardíaca de 135-150 latidos/min. durante diez semanas; además, se seleccionaron 16 alumnos y alumnas de primer grado como grupo de control, el que no realizó ningún ejercicio físico de danza. A todos los sujetos se les extrajo sangre venosa del codo con el estómago vacío, durante, antes y después del experimento para medir el contenido de la subpoblación de células T y de inmunoglobulina sérica. Resultados: Después de diez semanas de entrenamiento de danza deportiva, la inmunoglobulina IgG sérica de hombres y mujeres en el grupo experimental aumentó significativamente (P <0.01), y la proporción CD4 +% y CD4 + / CD8 + de los subgrupos de linfocitos T mostró incrementos extremadamente significativos. (P <0.01, P <0.05), la IgM sérica tendió a aumentar, la IgA, CD8 +% tendió a disminuir, pero no hubo cambios significativos. Conclusiones: El ejercicio de danza física a largo plazo puede mejorar la función inmunológica del cuerpo. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos: investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Depresión en ancianos graves con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad / Depression in seriously-ill elder people with community-acquired pneumonia

RESUMEN Introducción: aquellos países con alto grado de envejecimiento poblacional muestran asociaciones importantes con diferentes enfermedades, por ejemplo, la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad y la depresión en los ancianos. Objetivos: relacionar la depresión con la mortalidad y evaluar efectos de los antidepresivos, en los pacientes con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad, ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Militar Central "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay". Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio analítico, longitudinal prospectivo, con todos los pacientes con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad, ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Emergentes, del Hospital Militar "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay". Periodo correspondiente a enero del 2018 hasta abril del 2019 que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. El universo lo constituyó 160 pacientes. Resultados: existieron 55 pacientes con síntomas de depresión previos al ingreso, (34 %). El 78 % de fallecidos presentaron depresión al ingreso. La edad media de los no deprimidos fue de 74, la más alta de los deprimidos fue de 80,80. No presentaron signos de depresión 93 pacientes vivos y 43 que la presentaron y fallecieron con una gran significación estadística p 0,000. RR 6,8. Se observó una marcada relación entre la mortalidad y el no recibir tratamiento para la depresión, (37) p 0,000. Conclusiones: la neumonía y la depresión son enfermedades que tienen una relación íntima. Esta asociación cuenta con una elevada mortalidad, así como el impacto del tratamiento antidepresivo en la evolución del paciente es definitorio en el ámbito de los cuidados intensivos (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: those countries with a high level of population ageing show important associations to different diseases, for example, community acquired pneumonia and depression in elder people. Objectives: to establish the relationship of depression with mortality and to evaluate the effect of antidepressants in patients with community-acquired pneumonia admitted in the Intensive Care Unit of the Central Military Hospital "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay". Materials and methods: a prospective, longitudinal, analytic study was carried out with all patients with community-acquired pneumonia, admitted in the Intensive Care Unit of the Central Military Hospital "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" in the period from January 2018 until April 2019, who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The universe were 160 patients. Results: there were 55 patients with depression symptoms before the admission. 78 % of the deceased showed depression at the admittance. The medium age of the non-depressed ones was 74 years; the highest age of the depressed ones was 80.80 years. 93 living patients did not present depression signs, and 43 presented them and died with a great statistical significance p: 0.000 RR: 6.8. A remarked relation was observed between mortality and not receiving treatment for depression (37) p 0,000. Conclusions: pneumonia and depression are diseases having a tight relationship. This association yields a high mortality, and the impact of the anti-depression treatment on the patient's evolution is defining in the intensive care settings (AU).

Coagulopatía por SARS-CoV-2 / SARS-COV-2 COAGULOPATHY

En diciembre de 2019 se descubrió un nuevo coronavirus, asociado a pacientes que sufrían un cuadro de neumonía en Hubei provincia de China, desde ese momento se estudia las características del virus, como también de la patología que produce. En los pacientes graves, se observó un estado proinflamatorio y procoagulante que provocó la disfunción multiorgánica, y, en muchos de ellos, la muerte. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en describir la fisiopatología de la coagulopatía que esta infección, sorprendentemente, provoca. Es importante remarcar la relación que existe entre los estados inflamatorios y la cascada de la coagulación, cuyas disfunciones ocurren en situaciones de gravedad, como es la sepsis. El SARS-CoV-2 entrara a la célula mediante el receptor de la enzima convertidora de angiotensinógeno. En los estadios avanzados o críticos de la enfermedad, el estímulo hiperinflamatorio y el ambiente protrombótico provocarán un daño multiorgánico. El enfoque de los pacientes en estadios avanzados o críticos debe ser de soporte vital, junto a una terapia anticoagulante completa

In December 2019, a new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, was discovered in patients suffering from pneumonia. In critically ill patients, a proinflammatory and procoagulant state was observed: this led to multiorgan dysfunction, and, in many patients, to death. The objective of this work is to describe the pathophysiology of coagulopathy that this infection, surprisingly, causes. It is important to highlight the cross-talk between inflammation and coagulation in serious situations, such as sepsis. SARS-CoV-2 will enter the cell via the angiotensinogen converting enzyme receptor. In the advanced or critical stages of the disease, the hyperinflammatory stimulus and the prothrombotic environment will cause multi-organ damage. The approach of patients in advanced or critical stages should be life support, together with full anticoagulant therapy.

COVID-19 grave: entenda o papel da imunidade, do endotélio e da coagulação na prática clínica / Severe COVID-19: understanding the role of immunity, endothelium, and coagulation in clinical practice

Resumo O SARS-CoV-2 é o responsável pela pandemia da COVID-19. O sistema imunológico é fator determinante no combate à infecção viral e, quando atua equilibrada e eficientemente, a doença é autolimitada e benigna. Uma parcela significativa da população, porém, apresenta resposta imune exacerbada. Os indivíduos diabéticos, hipertensos, obesos e com doenças cardiovasculares, infectados pelo vírus, apresentam maior chance de progredir para formas graves. Essas doenças estão relacionadas a processos inflamatórios crônicos e disfunção endotelial. Os receptores do tipo Toll estão presentes nas células de defesa e participam da imunopatologia de doenças cardiovasculares e metabólicas, levando à produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias quando ativados. Devido à ação viral e à hiperativação do sistema imune, estados de hiperinflamação, hiperativação plaquetária, disfunção endotelial e hipercoagulabilidade são desenvolvidos, predispondo a tromboses venosas e arteriais. Discutiremos sobre a interação entre a COVID-19, a imunidade, o endotélio e a coagulação, como também sobre as possíveis causas de doenças cardiometabólicas impactarem negativamente na evolução da COVID-19.

Abstract SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The immune system is a determinant factor in defense against viral infections. Thus, when it acts in a balanced and effective manner the disease is self-limited and benign. Nevertheless, in a significant proportion of the population, the immune response is exaggerated. When infected, patients with diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and cardiovascular disease are more likely to progress to severe forms. These diseases are related to chronic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Toll-like receptors are expressed on immune cells and play an important role in the physiopathology of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. When activated, they can induce release of inflammatory cytokines. Hypercoagulability, hyperinflammation, platelet hyperresponsiveness, and endothelial dysfunction occur in immune system hyperactivity caused by viral activity, thereby increasing the risk of arterial and venous thrombosis. We discuss the interactions between COVID-19, immunity, the endothelium, and coagulation, as well as why cardiometabolic diseases have a negative impact on COVID-19 prognosis.

Marcadores hematológicos de corredores amadores do município de Vitória/ES / Hematological profile of street runners from Vitória/ES

Introdução: O sistema imunológico apresenta estreita relação com o exercício físico. Todavia, poucos estudos verificaram o perfil imunológico de corredores amadores. Objetivo: Descrever o perfil de marcadores imunológicos de corredores amadores do município de Vitória/ES no período pós-treinamento. Métodos: Foram selecionados 31 corredores pertencentes a dois grupos de corrida, ambos de Vitória/ES. A análise hematológica dos parâmetros imunológicos foi realizada a partir da contagem total de leucócitos por meio de leucograma. Resultados: A contagem de plaquetas apresentou diferença estatística quanto ao gênero, sendo os valores maiores encontrados no gênero feminino em relação ao treinamento contínuo. Além disso, foram encontrados valores menores de neutrófilos no gênero masculino com relação ao treinamento intervalado. Não foi observada diferença estatística entre homens e mulheres nos demais parâmetros analisados. Conclusão: Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que o exercício físico influencia o sistema imunológico de corredores amadores de Vitória/ES, promovendo elevação das células plaquetárias e redução dos neutrófilos.

Introduction: The immune system presents close relationship to physical exercise. Meanwhile, few studies have verified the immune profile of amateur runners. Objective: To describe immune markers profile of amateur runners at Vitória/ES in the post-training period. Methods: Thirty-one runners of two distinct groups of race, both of Vitória/ES, were selected. The hematological analysis of immunological parameters was performed from the total count of leukocytes by leukogram. Results: The platelets count showed statistical differences according to gender, and the higher values were found in females compared to continuous training. Furthermore, lower values of neutrophils in males were found in the interval training. No statistical difference was observed between men and women in the other parameters. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that physical exercise influences the immune system of amateur runners from Vitória/ES, promoting an increase in the number of platelet cells and a reduction of neutrophils.

Treinamento de força e sintomas de infecções respiratórias em mulheres pós-menopausadas / Resistance training and symptoms of respiratory infections in postmenopausal women

Introdução: Dentre vários sintomas relacionados à menopausa, destacam-se transpiração noturna, ressecamento vaginal, ondas de calor, alterações psicológicas relacionadas à depressão e diminuição da resposta imunológica. Objetivo: Investigar os efeitos do treinamento de força, sobre a intensidade dos sintomas de infecções das vias aéreas superiores em mulheres pós-menopausadas. Métodos: Participaram 16 mulheres (58,67 ± 6,12 anos) sedentárias na pós-menopausa alocadas no grupo controle e treinamento. Todas responderam um recordatório sobre a frequência e intensidade dos sintomas de infecções das vias aéreas superiores por uma escala padronizada ao longo das oito semanas de intervenção. Resultados: Foram apresentados níveis similares quanto à resposta da intensidade dos sintomas de infecções das vias aéreas superiores ao longo da intervenção para os grupos controle (r = -0,75 com p = 0,028) e treinamento (r = -0,78 com p = 0,029). Conclusão: O treinamento de força foi seguro no que se refere aos sintomas de infecções das vias aéreas superiores, já que não houve piora do quadro clínico.

Introduction: Among the various symptoms associated with the menopause, nocturnal transpiration, vaginal dryness, heat waves, psychological alterations related with depression, as well as the decrease of immune response can be mentioned. Objective: To investigate the effects of resistance training on the intensity of the symptoms for upper respiratory tract infections in postmenopausal women. Methods: The study included 16 sedentary post-menopausal women (58.67 ± 6.12 years) allocated to the control group and training. All responded a recall questionnaire about the frequency and intensity of upper respiratory tract infections symptoms by a standardized scale over the eight weeks of the intervention. Results: Similar levels were presented as the response of the intensity of the symptoms of infections of the upper airways during the intervention to the control group (r = -0.75, p = 0.028) and training (r = -0.78, p = 0.029). Conclusion: The resistance training was considered safe as regards symptoms of infection of the upper respiratory tract, since there was no worsening of the clinical profile.

Proteinograma sérico de bezerros recém-nascidos alimentados com colostro de vacas com mastite / Serum protein concentration in newborn calves fed with colostrum from cows wirh mastitis

O objetivo do presente estudo foi o de avaliar o proteinograma sérico de bezerros alimentados com colostro oriundo de vacas sadias (n = 10 ), com mastite assintomática (n = 10 ) e mastite clínica (n =10 ). As vacas foram alocadas em seus respectivos grupos de acordo com o exame macroscópico da secreção colostral, contagem de células somáticas, CMT e isolamento microbiano. As amostras de sangue dos conceptos foram colhidas logo após o nascimento, 24 e 48 horas após a ingestão do colostro dos quartos infectados e dos sadios. Foi avaliada a concentração de proteína total pelo método do biureto e as concentrações de imunoglobulina A (IgA), imunoglobulina G (IgG), transferrina, albumina e haptoglobina por meio da eletrofoerese em gel de poliacrilamida contendo dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE). Não foram observadas diferenças entre os grupos nas concentrações de albumina, proteína total e IgA. Os bezerros alimen- tados com colostro de vacas com mastite assintomática e clínica apresentaram teores de haptoglobina superiores aos animais sadios. As concentrações de IgG e transferrina foram significativamente inferiores nos bezerros tratados com colostro de vacas com mastite clínica. Concluiu-se que a ingestão de colostro de quartos sadios e infectados de vacas que pariram com mastite (GII e GIII) não resulta em falha de transferência da imunidade passiva.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum protein concentration in newborns fed with colostrum derived from healthy cows (n = 10), cows with subclinical mastitis (n = 10) and cows with clinical mastitis (n = 10). 30 Holstein cows were assigned to their respective groups according to macroscopic examination of colostral secretion, somatic cell count, CMT and presence of bacteria in colostrum samples. Blood samples of the calves were collected immediately after birth, at 24 and 48 hours after ingestion of colostrum. The total protein was measured by the biuret method and the concentrations of immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), transferrin, albumin and haptoglobin was determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). No differences were observed amongst groups in the concentrations of albumin, total protein and IgA. In animals from cows with subclinical and clinical mastitis haptoglobin concentrations were higher than those of healthy animals. The concentrations of IgG and transferrin were significantly lower in calves from cows with mastitis. We concluded that the ingestion of colostrum from infected and uninfected glands from cows with mastitis (GII e GIII) is unlikely to be an important contributor to the high rate of failure of passive transfer of immunoglobulins in calves.

Ejercicio físico e inmunidad en el anciano / Physical exercises and immunology in elderly

Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica acerca de la temática del envejecimiento del sistema inmunológico (inmunosenescencia) habitual en los ancianos, y la práctica regular de ejercicios físicos, para conocer la actualidad del tema, debido al envejecimiento progresivo de la población mundial. La inmunosenescencia se caracteriza por una serie de cambios inmunes, enfermedades crónicas, incremento de la susceptibilidad para la infección, enfermedades tumorales y de las enfermedades autoinmunes, lo que representa peligro para estos individuos, aunque se han identificado estrategias terapéuticas importantes para el tratamiento en estas edades, como es la práctica regular de ejercicio físico moderado. Desde el punto de vista inmunológico, el anciano que no realiza ningún tipo de ejercicio físico, tiene disminuidos la mayor parte de sus biomarcadores de función celular y humoral, con reducción de la calidad y cantidad linfocitaria, de la supervivencia de los linfocitos T y B, además tiene baja autoestima y en ocasiones, desnutrición y enfermedades crónicas con deformidades estructurales. Sin embargo, la aplicación de estilos de vida saludables, como la práctica regular de ejercicios físicos, puede atenuar las consecuencias de este proceso y constituir una alternativa terapéutica en muchos casos

We review literature on the topic of aging immune system (immunosenescence) common in the elderly and regular physical exercise, to know today's issue, due to the progressive aging of world population. Immunosenescence is characterized by a number of immune changes, chronic diseases, increased susceptibility to infections, tumor diseases and autoimmune diseases, which pose a threat to these individuals, although important therapeutic strategies for treatments have been identified in these ages, such as the regular practice of moderate physical exercise. From the immunological point of view, the elder subjects who do not physical exercise, have reduced most of their biomarkers of cellular and humoral functions with reduced lymphocyte quantity and quality of survival of T and B cells; also these subjects have low self-esteem at times, malnutrition and chronic diseases with structural deformities. However, we conclude that the implementation of healthy lifestyles, and the regular practice of physical exercise may attenuate the consequences of this process, and provide a therapeutic alternative in many cases

Transferência de imunidade passiva em cordeiros de corte manejados extensivamente em clima tropical / Passive transfer of immunity in meat lambs reared in the tropics on extensive management

Aspectos relacionados à transferência de imunidade passiva (TIP) foram estudados em 290 cordeiros recém-nascidos, cruzas Texel, manejados extensivamente em contato permanente com as suas mães, e criados em clima tropical. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas dos cordeiros uma única vez entre 24 e 36 horas de vida para obtenção do soro sanguíneo. Foram determinadas a atividade da gama glutamiltransferase e as concentrações de proteínas totais por refratometria e colorimetria, de albumina, alfa, beta e gamaglobulinas por eletroforese e de IgG estimada pela turvação pelo sulfato de zinco. Os cordeiros foram agrupados de acordo com o sexo, o número de partos das ovelhas, o escore de condição corporal (ECC) da ovelha, o número de cordeiros nascidos, o peso e a vitalidade ao nascimento. Os fatores de risco para a ocorrência de falha na transferência de imunidade passiva (FTIP) foram identificados e a sua associação com a mortalidade de cordeiros foi testada. Foram estabelecidas correlações entre as variáveis estudadas. A TIP não foi influenciada pelo sexo, pelo número de partos ou pelo ECC das ovelhas. Houve diferenças entre os cordeiros únicos e gêmeos e entre os que nasceram com peso ≥3 kg e < 3 kg. A FTIP foi pouco frequente (12,4%), mais provável em gêmeos (p=0,026) e em cordeiros leves (p<0,001) e esteve fortemente associada com a mortalidade dos cordeiros até os 60 dias de vida (p<0,001). A taxa de mortalidade geral foi de 11,3%; e 30,5% dos cordeiros com FTIP morreram, quase todos no primeiro mês de vida. A concentração de proteína total determinada por refratometria se correlacionou (p<0,001) com as concentrações de gamaglobulinas (r=0,816) e de IgG (r=0,810) e o valor crítico ≤ 5,0g/dL para a proteína total pode ser admitido como indicador de FTIP...

Aspects related to passive transfer of immunity (PTI) were studied in 290 newborn lambs, crosses of Texel, kept with their mothers on extensive management intropical weather. Blood samples were taken between 24 and 36 hours of life. Serum gamma glutamyltransferase activity, total protein concentration, measured by refractometry and colorimetry, albumin, alfa, beta and gammaglobulins concentrations, measured by agarose gel electrophoresis, and IgG concentration estimated by the zinc sulphate turbidity test were determined. The lambs were grouped according to sex, ewe number of parturitions and body condition scoring, number of lambs born, birth weight and vitality. The risk factors for failure of passive transfer of immunity (FPT) were identified and the association with lamb mortality was tested. Correlations between variables were established. There was no effect of sex, number of parturitions of ewes and ewe body condition scoring on PTI of lambs. However there were differences between singles and twins and between lambs born with good or lightweight (<3 kg). The FPT was infrequent (12.4%), more likely in twins (p=0.026) and in lightweight lambs (p<0.001), and was strongly associated with lamb deaths up to 60 days of age (p<0.001). The global mortality rate was 11.3%; and 30.5% of the lambs with FPT died, almost all in their first month of life. The total protein concentration, measured by refractometry, was correlated (p<0.001) with gammaglobulins (r=0.816) and IgG (r=0.810); and values < 5.0g/dL can be accepted for the diagnosis of FPT. Under tropical weather conditions FTP must be considered infrequent in crossbred meat lambs. However the surveillance and care must be intensified with twins and lambs with low birth weight.

Zinc en la infancia: rompiendo paradigmas / Zinc in childhood: breaking paradigms

El zinc es un ejemplo de un micronutriente esencial, cuya deficiencia juega un papelimportante en la comprensión de las altas tasas de mortalidad y morbilidad infantil en países en desarrollo. Tanto la deficiencia intermedia de zinc como de vitamina A, pueden pasar inadvertidas clínicamente. Con respecto a la inmunidad, el zinc es fundamental para las funciones de tejidos de alto recambio, especialmente en el sistema inmunitario, y su deficiencia se asocia a alteraciones de la inmunidad innata, la inmunidad humoral y la inmunidad celular. Existe evidencia que avala la s u p l eme n t a c i o n d e z i n c d u r a n t e e inmediatamente después de un episodio de diarrea aguda, con lo que se disminuye su tiempo de duración y la gravedad, con reducción en la incidencia de diarrea en los dos o tres meses siguientes.Aun no se conoce exactamente cuál es el mecanismo que explique por qué se encuentra limitada la proliferación celular ante la deficiencia de zinc.

Zinc is an example of an essential micronutrient whose deficiency plays an important role in understanding the high rates of infant mortality and morbidity in developing countries. Both intermediate zinc deficiency and vitamin A, may go unnoticed clinically.With respect to immunity, zinc is essential for the functions of tissues of high turnover, especially in the immune system, and its deficiency is associated with alterations of innate immunity, humoral immunity and cellular immunity. There is evidence supporting zinc supplementation during and immediately after an episode of acute diarrhea, which shortens their duration and severity, with a reduction in the incidence of diarrhea in the two or three months. Still not known exactly what the mechanism that explains why it is limited to cell proliferation in zinc deficiency.

Evaluación de la inmunidad a los virus de sarampión y varicela en niños y adolescentes del Municipio Páez del Estado Zulia, Venezuela / Evaluation of immunity to measles and varicella (chickenpox) viruses in children and adolescents of the Páez Municipality, State of Zulia, Venezuela

Las enfermedades exantemáticas son un grupo de patologías causadas por agentes virales, que se presentan frecuentemente sobre todo durante los primeros años de vida y responden en su mayor proporción a infecciones causadas por virus como sarampión, varicela, rubéola y dengue, entre otros. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la inmunidad a los virus de sarampión y varicela en niños y adolescentes, residentes del municipio Páez del estado Zulia, Venezuela. Se estudiaron 174 muestras provenientes de escolares y adolescentes aparentemente sanos, sin distingo de sexo y en un rango de edad comprendido entre 8 a 17 años, las cuales fueron analizadas mediante la técnica de ELISA. Se detectó una frecuencia de 59,7 por ciento para el virus del sarampión y un 44,8 por ciento para varicela. La seroprevalencia para sarampión y varicela estuvo homogéneamente distribuida en todos los grupos etarios. En ambas enfermedades se observó una mayor frecuencia en el sexo masculino, no encontrándose diferencias significativas. Se evidencia una baja inmunidad a estos virus, se sugiere incrementar los programas de vacunación en este municipio para eliminar la circulación de estos agentes infecciosos en la población

Exanthematic diseases are a group of pathologies caused by viral agents, which appear frequently during the first years of life and respond in greater proportion to infections caused by viruses, such as measles, varicella (chickenpox), rubella (German measles) and dengue, among others. The objective of this study is to evaluate immunity to measles and chickenpox viruses in children and adolescents residing in the Páez municipality, state of Zulia, Venezuela. Without regard to sex, 174 samples from apparently healthy adolescents and children between 8 and 17 years old were studied and analyzed using the ELISA technique. A frequency of 59.7 percent was detected for the measles virus and 44.8 percent for varicella. Seroprevalence for measles and varicella was distributed homogeneously in all age groups. For both diseases, greater frequency was observed in males, without significant differences. The study demonstrated low immunity to these viruses and suggests increasing vaccination programs in this municipality to eliminate circulation of these infectious agents in the population

A randomised controlled trial of intradermal hepatitis B vaccination and augmentation of response with erythropoietin.

AIM: Intradermal administration of Hepatitis B vaccine (HBV) achieves better seroconversion in patients on dialysis compared to intramuscular administration. The aim of the study was to determine whether twice weekly intradermal injections of the vaccine can further augment the vaccine response as compared to once weekly injections. Patients with end stage renal failure on haemodialysis were randomly allocated over a period of 22 months to receive 20 mu gms of recombinant HBV by intradermal injections once a week (group 1) or twice a week (group 2) for 6 weeks. The patients recruited during the first 12 months of the study did not receive recombinant human erythropoietin (Epo) as it was not available (phase 1). During the last 10 months of study all patients received Epo (phase 2) in addition to HBV. RESULTS: A total of 85 patients were enrolled of whom 77 completed the study. There were 41 patients in group 1 and 36 patients in group 2. Seroprotection (anti HBs > 10 mIU/ml in the absence of HBs Ag and anti HBc) was achieved in 56.1% patients of group I compared to 77.8% of group 2 (p < 0.05). The seroprotection rate was 78.1% among patients receiving Epo (phase 2) compared to 60% among 45 who did not receive Epo (phase 1). Anti HBs titre in responders was 308.5 +/- 148.7 mIU/ml in patients of phase 2 compared to 198 +/- 112.8 mIU/ml in patients of phase 1 (p < 0.05). The subgroup receiving both Epo and twice weekly vaccine (group 2 of phase 2) had the highest seroprotection rate of 86.7%. CONCLUSION: Twice weekly intradermal vaccination is more effective than once weekly regime in achieving rapid seroconversion. The vaccine response may be augmented by use of Epo probably due to reduction in transfusion requirement and concomitant immunosuppression.

Ten-year serological follow up of hepatitis B vaccine recipients.

AIM: To determine long-term persistence of antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) after vaccination against hepatitis B. METHODS: Thirty-four laboratory workers received hepatitis B vaccine in 1989 in a 0-1-6 month vaccination schedule. Group A (n = 16) received a booster at 3 years after vaccination whereas Group B (n = 18) did not. Anti-HBs was quantitated at 1 month and 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 8 years post-vaccination. RESULTS: At eight-year follow up, 10 of 15 subjects in Group A and 3 of 16 in Group B had protective levels of anti-HBs; in addition, two and four subjects, respectively, had detectable anti-HBs though below protective levels. At ten years, 9/15 and 3/16 were anti-HBs positive in Groups A and B, respectively. One subject in each group had rise in anti-HBs titer at 6-year follow up but both of them tested negative for IgG antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). A booster dose at 10 years to anti-HBs negative subjects led to an anamestic response in 3/4 and 8/10 persons in Groups A and B, respectively. CONCLUSION: Immunological memory after vaccination against hepatitis B is maintained for at least 10 years.

Acute noise-induced alterations in the immune status of albino rats.

The effect of acute noise induced changes on the immune functions of albino rats was studied. Cell mediated immunity was assessed by Leukocyte migration inhibition index (LMI) and humoral immunity by estimating antibody titre. The organ weight of spleen, thymus, adrenal and lymph node was noted, the cell count of spleen and thymus was enumerated and plasma corticosterone level was estimated. A significant increase in the plasma corticosterone level, thymus weight and cell count along with significant decrease in the antibody titre, spleen weight and cell count was observed in noise stressed animals. No significant changes were observed in the LMI and organ weight of adrenal and lymph node in these animals. Our study shows acute noise to be a potent stressor causing definite alterations in the immune functions of the albino rats.